Convert Molarity to Parts Per Million Example Problem

Convert Molarity to Parts Per Million Example Problem Molarity and parts per million (ppm) are two units of measurement used to describe the concentration of a chemical solution. One mole is equivalent to the molecular or atomic mass of the solute. Parts per million, of course, refers to the number of molecules of solute per million parts of a solution. Since both of these units of measurement are commonly referred to in chemistry, its helpful to understand how to convert from one to the other. This example problem demonstrates how to convert molarity to parts per million. Molarity to ppm Problem A solution contains Cu2 ions at a concentration of 3 x 10 -4 M. What is the Cu2 concentration in ppm? Solution ï » ¿Parts per million, or ppm, is a measure of the amount of a substance per million parts of a solution.1 ppm 1 part substance X/ 1 x 106 parts solution1 ppm 1 g X/ 1 x 106 g solution1 ppm 1 x 10-6 g X/ g solution1 ppm 1 ÃŽ ¼g X/ g solution If the solution is in water and the density of water 1 g/mL then1 ppm 1 ÃŽ ¼g X / mL solution Molarity uses moles/L, so the mL need to be converted to L1 ppm 1 ÃŽ ¼g X /( mL solution)x(1 L/1000 mL)1 ppm 1000 ÃŽ ¼g X / L solution1 ppm 1 mg X/L solution We know the molarity of the solution, which is in moles/L. We need to find mg/L. To do this, convert moles to mg.moles/L of Cu2 3 x 10-4 M From the periodic table, the  atomic mass of Cu 63.55 g/molmoles/L of Cu2 (3 x 10-4 mol x 63.55 g/mol)/Lmoles/L of Cu2 1.9 x 10-2 g/L We want mg of Cu2, somoles/L of Cu2 1.9 x 10-2 g/L x 1000 mg/1 gmoles/L of Cu2 19 mg/LIn dilute solutions 1 ppm 1 mg/L.moles/L of Cu2 19 ppm Answer:A solution with 3 x 10-4 M concentration of Cu2 ions is equivalent to 19 ppm. ppm to Molarity Conversion Example You can perform the unit conversion the other way, too. Remember, for dilute solutions, you can use the approximation that 1 ppm is 1 mg/L. Use the atomic masses from the periodic table to find the molar mass of the solute. For example, lets find the ppm concentration of chloride ions in a 0.1 M NaCl solution. A  1 M solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) has a molar mass 35.45 for chloride, which you find from looking up the atomic mass of chlorine on the periodic table and noting there is only 1 Cl ion per NaCl molecule. The mass of sodium doesnt come into play since were only looking at chloride ions for this problem.  So, you know have the relation: 35.45 gram/mole or 35.5 g/mol You either move the decimal point over one space to the left or multiply this value times 0.1 to get the number of grams in a 0.1 M solution, to give you 3.55 grams per liter for a 0.1 M NaCl solution. 3.55 g/L is the same as 3550 mg/L Since 1 mg/L is about 1 ppm: A 0.1 M solution of NaCl has a concentration of about 3550 ppm Cl ions.

GENDER- WAGE GAP IN AUSTRALIA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

GENDER- WAGE GAP IN AUSTRALIA - Essay Example Legislative changes have been effected like the 1986’s Federal Discrimination Act and the 1961’s Matrimonial Causes Act. The analysis presented from the Bureau of Statistics of Australia data shows that this nation of Australia has had a persistent gender wage gap. (Cassells, Rebecca, et al, 2009) The data obtained from the Survey of Average Weekly Earnings the years from 1990 to 2009, there was a narrow range of gender wage gap of between 15-17%. Over the period from early year 2005 to early year 2009 the range has been from 15.1-17.0%. (Wright, Tim, 2006) Causes of the predicament of gender wage gap in Australia, even though complex, are inter-linked and are most likely to change over time. These factors can be classified into two major factors; those that can be explained (labour market and human capital factors) and unexplained factors. (fahcsia.gov.au, 2009) Numerous studies have been carried out, and most of these have concentrated on the query whether discriminat ion is the main catalyst of the existing gaps in the wages between male as well as female workers or whether the fundamental catalyst of the gap in wages is the male’s and female’s attainment of human capital. These variances are, however, not easy to separate especially due to the fact that forms by which discrimination maybe interlinked with other factor’s attainment. ... Human capital is defined by the book as the skills in entirety as well as the experience that an individual puts into an employment which are relevant to that employment. It encompasses all the qualifications as well as training given by employers and also the experience gained from previous experience from the market. (Miller, Riel, 1996, p22) In those studies that have been carried out of gender wage gap, the measurement of human capital is mostly measured via formal education attained as well as the number of years of work experience. Some of these studies also make an inclusion of other variables to like the utilisation of the training provided by the employer. The component of education is usually captured in virtually entire studies of gender wage gap, mostly through the usage of several dummy variables that take the highest education level that has been completed. For instance, high school completion, bachelor degree or post school training. (Cassells, Rebecca, et al, 2009) Al so included, is the study field as one of the variables with the gender wage gap model being applied. This is due to the fact that wages vary with the study field. There is also a significant segregation in gender in the fields of study in post-secondary education. Most of the conclusions that have been drawn from the studies carried out in the nation of Australia of labour market rigidities and discrimination are that returns gained from education by females are from a generic point of view below those of their male counterparts. This is in spite of the ladies having a bit of higher education attainment. Additional schooling according to the journal creates openings to better job