Convert Molarity to Parts Per Million Example Problem

Convert Molarity to Parts Per Million Example Problem Molarity and parts per million (ppm) are two units of measurement used to describe the concentration of a chemical solution. One mole is equivalent to the molecular or atomic mass of the solute. Parts per million, of course, refers to the number of molecules of solute per million parts of a solution. Since both of these units of measurement are commonly referred to in chemistry, its helpful to understand how to convert from one to the other. This example problem demonstrates how to convert molarity to parts per million. Molarity to ppm Problem A solution contains Cu2 ions at a concentration of 3 x 10 -4 M. What is the Cu2 concentration in ppm? Solution ï » ¿Parts per million, or ppm, is a measure of the amount of a substance per million parts of a solution.1 ppm 1 part substance X/ 1 x 106 parts solution1 ppm 1 g X/ 1 x 106 g solution1 ppm 1 x 10-6 g X/ g solution1 ppm 1 ÃŽ ¼g X/ g solution If the solution is in water and the density of water 1 g/mL then1 ppm 1 ÃŽ ¼g X / mL solution Molarity uses moles/L, so the mL need to be converted to L1 ppm 1 ÃŽ ¼g X /( mL solution)x(1 L/1000 mL)1 ppm 1000 ÃŽ ¼g X / L solution1 ppm 1 mg X/L solution We know the molarity of the solution, which is in moles/L. We need to find mg/L. To do this, convert moles to mg.moles/L of Cu2 3 x 10-4 M From the periodic table, the  atomic mass of Cu 63.55 g/molmoles/L of Cu2 (3 x 10-4 mol x 63.55 g/mol)/Lmoles/L of Cu2 1.9 x 10-2 g/L We want mg of Cu2, somoles/L of Cu2 1.9 x 10-2 g/L x 1000 mg/1 gmoles/L of Cu2 19 mg/LIn dilute solutions 1 ppm 1 mg/L.moles/L of Cu2 19 ppm Answer:A solution with 3 x 10-4 M concentration of Cu2 ions is equivalent to 19 ppm. ppm to Molarity Conversion Example You can perform the unit conversion the other way, too. Remember, for dilute solutions, you can use the approximation that 1 ppm is 1 mg/L. Use the atomic masses from the periodic table to find the molar mass of the solute. For example, lets find the ppm concentration of chloride ions in a 0.1 M NaCl solution. A  1 M solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) has a molar mass 35.45 for chloride, which you find from looking up the atomic mass of chlorine on the periodic table and noting there is only 1 Cl ion per NaCl molecule. The mass of sodium doesnt come into play since were only looking at chloride ions for this problem.  So, you know have the relation: 35.45 gram/mole or 35.5 g/mol You either move the decimal point over one space to the left or multiply this value times 0.1 to get the number of grams in a 0.1 M solution, to give you 3.55 grams per liter for a 0.1 M NaCl solution. 3.55 g/L is the same as 3550 mg/L Since 1 mg/L is about 1 ppm: A 0.1 M solution of NaCl has a concentration of about 3550 ppm Cl ions.

GENDER- WAGE GAP IN AUSTRALIA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

GENDER- WAGE GAP IN AUSTRALIA - Essay Example Legislative changes have been effected like the 1986’s Federal Discrimination Act and the 1961’s Matrimonial Causes Act. The analysis presented from the Bureau of Statistics of Australia data shows that this nation of Australia has had a persistent gender wage gap. (Cassells, Rebecca, et al, 2009) The data obtained from the Survey of Average Weekly Earnings the years from 1990 to 2009, there was a narrow range of gender wage gap of between 15-17%. Over the period from early year 2005 to early year 2009 the range has been from 15.1-17.0%. (Wright, Tim, 2006) Causes of the predicament of gender wage gap in Australia, even though complex, are inter-linked and are most likely to change over time. These factors can be classified into two major factors; those that can be explained (labour market and human capital factors) and unexplained factors. (fahcsia.gov.au, 2009) Numerous studies have been carried out, and most of these have concentrated on the query whether discriminat ion is the main catalyst of the existing gaps in the wages between male as well as female workers or whether the fundamental catalyst of the gap in wages is the male’s and female’s attainment of human capital. These variances are, however, not easy to separate especially due to the fact that forms by which discrimination maybe interlinked with other factor’s attainment. ... Human capital is defined by the book as the skills in entirety as well as the experience that an individual puts into an employment which are relevant to that employment. It encompasses all the qualifications as well as training given by employers and also the experience gained from previous experience from the market. (Miller, Riel, 1996, p22) In those studies that have been carried out of gender wage gap, the measurement of human capital is mostly measured via formal education attained as well as the number of years of work experience. Some of these studies also make an inclusion of other variables to like the utilisation of the training provided by the employer. The component of education is usually captured in virtually entire studies of gender wage gap, mostly through the usage of several dummy variables that take the highest education level that has been completed. For instance, high school completion, bachelor degree or post school training. (Cassells, Rebecca, et al, 2009) Al so included, is the study field as one of the variables with the gender wage gap model being applied. This is due to the fact that wages vary with the study field. There is also a significant segregation in gender in the fields of study in post-secondary education. Most of the conclusions that have been drawn from the studies carried out in the nation of Australia of labour market rigidities and discrimination are that returns gained from education by females are from a generic point of view below those of their male counterparts. This is in spite of the ladies having a bit of higher education attainment. Additional schooling according to the journal creates openings to better job

Law and Social Work in the United Kingdom Essay

Law and Social Work in the United Kingdom - Essay Example Also, this Act is especially in favour of service users in need of assistance from government agencies, since there is no question they must give consideration to individual rights, especially when certain decisions are not always the individuals to make. Agencies and workers affected by this change would be those in public positions such as: In social work there has often been a lack of understanding of the service users predicaments. This revision of the Human Rights Act insures that all people will be treated with fairness and respect that is due to any person. The main issue is making those in public service positions aware that there are some rights that are pertinent in considering and they are protected by law. Other aspects that social work is affected by, through this new act is the assurance they must give to clients that their right to privacy will be strictly upheld. Although it is a natural fact that social workers do have to ask questions in regards to the client's personal information, this does not mean they can share that information with outside sources (The Liberty Guide to Human Rights 2005). In Article 8, there is a special notation which guarantee's this right to respect privacy of the individual. Previously, there had not been an exception for this, but now, there is generalized protection availabl e to honour and respect the person's personal and family life unless there is a legitimate reason to acquire this information. If there is a necessity to inquire into these areas of a persons life then they must follow the established guidelines set forth, such as in the outline below. They must be in accordance with law It must remain within the interests of the legitimate objectives identified in Article 8 (2) It must show the necessary reason in a democratic society (The Liberty Guide to Human Rights 2005). Also, there are sometimes legitimate reasons and pertinent objectives to be gained for requesting more personal information from the individual by the social worker. There are many instances where the client divulging the information is within his or her best interest. The objectives that Article 8 stipulates are acceptable in seeking or sharing confidential information are as follows: Acting in the interests of National Security, public safety, or the economic well being of the country Acting for the prevention of disorder or crime Acting for the protection of health or morals Acting for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others (The Liberty Guide to Human Rights 2005) There is an unquestionable duty now, by public authorities to act within the stipulations of the new Human Rights Act but there are still instances when it seems these rights are being neglected or ignored. Therefore, there are a variety of other common laws that have been laid out as well to insure there is not an invasion of these rights. The piecemeal protection is one of these laws intertwined in common law practice to insure the rights that are endowed. Public authorities, including those in social work,

Ethics and Justice in Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethics and Justice in Criminal Law - Essay Example Shantel should ethically not plead guilty to a crime she did not commit (Siegel & Worrall, 2011). This is however difficult given her past records of criminal offenses. In addition, her evidence may not be considered strong enough given she was staying together with a boyfriend who was a drug addict. Shantel is not the only one with such scenarios; fact bargaining, sentence bargaining and charge bargaining are also commonly used. For example, an individual who has been unrightfully charged for first degree murder may plead that the case be reduced to a man slaughter against the backdrop of the reigning laws and rules. Plea bargaining has been challenged for its using the game theory to analyze and decide on a plea bargaining process (Siegel & Worrall, 2011). In addition, crime victims do not have the ability to influence plea agreements. Defense Attorneys and the Ethics of Death Row Volunteering This presents both legal and ethical dilemmas in that I, as the defense attorney, am char ged with protecting the client’s interests and negotiating between my own personal values and the client’s wishes as pertains to the execution. This hence needs a balance between my personal values and professional standing. ... This in mentioning would mean revisiting past cases that turned out well. If Smith accepts another appeal, I could raise an appeal on the intensity of the punishment that has been raised against Smith and review the past evidences at length. Capital punishment is a great human rights violation since everyone has a right to life. Secondly, retribution results in massive killings of each other since it applies the eye for eye rule and lastly the proportionality of capital punishment has raised legal issues. In most cases, the punishment is not proportional to the offense that has been committed and hence needs a thorough evaluation of the intensity of the wrong that has been committed. I would hence appeal that if Smith be given a sentence, then it should be proportional to the offense that Smith has committed. Justice for All Justice ought to apply to all American citizens irrespective of age, social status and race. Marriott is already under probation for misbehavior and has a curfew of 11p.m. She has not finished the period yet has been found with another mistake which is even grosser; drunken driving past the curfews on the probation order. As the appellate judge, on the basis of the law, Marriott should serve her jail term. The final decision on Marriott’s case lies with the courts and not with the sheriffs. It is hence unlawful for the Sherriff to lift charges that have been placed on a citizen unless she/he challenges the verdict through a lawyer. Marriott’s due process rights have not been infringed into, because the law is clear on actions that are taken against individuals who deliberately break the law even after being served with a probation order.

Concepts of Internet Privacy

Concepts of Internet Privacy Cyberspace and Internet Privacy According to (Choucri Clark, 2013) in the journal of â€Å"Who controls cyberspace† describe a new field of human communication which focused on the Internet and the hundreds of millions of processors the Internet attaches, and the data or information that delivers has become a fundamental and vital feature of society. It forms a new reality for just about each person in the developed world and a rising number in the developing world. In general, few governments practice direct control towards the cyberspace. They can utilize excessive influence by their ability to influence other actors by using regulation, enactment, venture and standards. The actors representing the interests of copyright holders also can’t practice direct control over internet or cyberspace and they must work indirectly through other actors, in particular the Internet service providers or ISP. As the cyberspace as get to be more easy to understand, more individuals are intersection into the computerized separation and securing their advanced personalities. The word cyberspace was coined by the science fiction author William Gibson, a consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators in every nation, by children being taught mathematical concepts, a graphic representation of data extracted from the banks of every computer in the human system (Bryant, 2001). Gibsons the internet is accordingly not a space of passive information, for example, a library where its correspondence channels associate with this present reality, and permit the internet pilots to communicate with that world. The reference to computer science is imperative in a third admiration where artificial intelligence characterizes itself as a study of data and correspondence, and the internets substrate is definitely the joint system of all current correspondence stations and data s aves joining individuals and machines. Google is a capable, private segment on-screen character whose business is fundamentally focused on the Internet. Google has made an extensive variety of move, both direct and indirect, to utilize purposes of control to impact the character of the Internet. It has created another working framework for cell phones, Android, has created a program called Chrome, and gives YouTube, a standout amongst the most prevalent destinations on the Web. It has its own particular substance conveyance system with worldwide achieve and immediate association with numerous shopper confronting ISPs. In China, the state controls very nearly every choice point in the general methodology of the Internet structure and its key institutional underpinnings, and additionally any takeoffs from endorsed items or methodologies. China has developed a complex socio-technical structure to identify unsatisfactory substance and order its evacuation or change (Choucri and Clark, 2013, p. 27). On the other hand, privacy stresses human dignity and other critical values, for example, freedom of expression and flexibility of discourse. It has wind up being the most key human rights issues of the advanced age. The use of the Internet can affect the security benefits of an individual have in his or her identity or private data. Internet usage causes a huge amount of private information which offers impulses into ones character and identity. Protection as a system for arranging social relationship, especially in the middle of individuals and outside force foundations, has been described in distinctive ways. Privacy may be characterized as the case of people, groups or institutions to determine when, how and to what degree the data about them is conveyed to others (Westin, 1967). The idea of right to be left alone conveyed the conclusion of allow me to be alone to the freestanding, commonly to public and private institutions with ability and power. With the development of new technologies that increase and expand of the gatherers of individual data or information, there need to goings-on to arrange the people relationship with the external environment by providing the single person with control over information about themselves. As such, with the new characteristics of collaborating network media, the elements that are needed to ensure self- autonomy and self -governance also change. Therefore, the concept of privacy changes radically from maintaining passive liberty and freedom from external institutions intervention (Woo, 2006, p. 961). Today, privately owned companies are tracking the equivalent measure of our minutes as they can internet, offering that information or data to different companies who hence thus it to with law implementation and the organization. The equipment they use to do this tracking is developing rapidly and has been able to be particularly advanced, and individuals have unimportant shot of staying educated concerning what is happening when they surf, without taking into consideration making the complex steps imperative to stop this spying. In light of (Rodrigue, 2011) every individual has the right to freedom of expression which incorporates the right to talk, read, and interact, and which includes the right of individuals to use avoidance development and innovative apparatuses. Warren and Brandeis original paper on The Right to Privacy in 1980, drafted during a period when daily papers were printing pictures of individuals surprisingly, characterized the all right to be left alone. Their definition determined by an evolving advancement as is customarily the case with security was concerned with securing the untouched character and including such values as individual pride, specific fundamental toward oneself and opportunity. Freedom of expression, whether implemented by characters or by the media, and the ability to exercise it, is a necessary feature of any open, liberal and democratic society. It is only through practicing free expression that civilizations can sustain real democratic liability (Westin, 1967). In light of (Woo, 2006) a network client is regularly confronted with a decision between surrendering the profits and administrations of the site and giving at any rate a data, on the grounds that the utilization of numerous locales or administration is not permitted unless if different particular data is given out. System anonymity turns into a fundamental piece of keeping up the independence of system exercises. One of the main reasons for observing and monitoring internet users is to disallow violation of knowledgeable property right or to prevent cybercrime. Indeed some software holds secret connections to serves that allow them to pass along with numerous of information and data in regards to when customers utilize the product. Important to concerns of free speech and democracy, anonymity might stay the only way for regular individuals to defend themselves from governments and private sectors active use and profiling of their personal information in the networked environment. Un der the current conditions, the main path for system clients to be guaranteed a base measure of security on the web would be to hide their character or give a false data. Identity theft is one of the quickest developing unlawful acts or crimes. Consumers are getting to be progressively worried about data fraud, especially with the multiplication of e- commerce and banking online. Data fraud and misrepresentation might be a gigantic trouble on the exploited person, both fiscally and mentally. This profoundly ability character criminals use various methods in endeavors to get access to your private data. In a few cases they get data from formations or organizations by taking records, repaying workers who have entry to these records, hacking modernized records, or essentially conning data from representatives. There are other fake practices incorporate skimming and phishing

Hormone Research :: essays research papers fc

Hormone Research   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hormone research has been greatly influenced by cultural assumptions about the dimorphism of gender. Much of the scientific data produced and taken as ‘knowledge’ reaffirms social ideologies already thought to be true and uses this data to essentially prove these ideas. In the case of hormone research, ideas about the innate differences between males and females were imposed upon the scientific methodologies and the conclusions made. The misconception of estrogen and testosterone projected cultural ideas about femininity and masculinity, and implied difference. The fact that these hormones are secreted from ‘sexual organs’ gave scientific license to claim them as sexual hormones: the explanatory factor of the male female difference. This essay will discuss how the study of hormones reaffirmed culturally constructed notions of the innate difference between male and female and the idea that this fact is biologically determined.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The early 1900s was a time of social and political upheaval regarding developing thought on feminism and equal rights, the hormone studies and ideas of â€Å"sex antagonism† by the physiologist Eugen Steinach greatly show how this science was influenced by cultural notions (Fausto-Sterling, 159). As asserted by Anne Fausto-Sterling, Steinach’s â€Å"entire life’s work was premised on the unexamined idea that there must be a sharp ‘natural’ distinction between maleness and femaleness† (Fausto-Sterling, 158). Instead of observing these hormones without bias and looking to understand how they function, Steinach sets out to prove a difference. The language which he uses to define the characteristics of these hormones reflects the thought process of the times. Describing the interaction of hormones in â€Å"militaristic terms† he relates on the â€Å"battles of the antagonistic actions of sex hormones† and marks th eir â€Å"sharp antagonism† (Fausto-Sterling, 159). The language used to describe this study outlines his agenda as he uses loaded terms like antagonism instead of the more appropriate term, inhibition. This study dealing with the transplantation of ovaries and testes in guinea pigs uses the study of the abnormal or the object of study out of its natural context to understand it. The evidence and the conclusions made by Steinach illuminate his ideas as his data as his data can have many interpretations. This study, though valid in some ways to the understanding and effects of ovaries and testes essentially projects the â€Å"political story of human sex antagonism that paralleled contemporary social struggles† (Fausto-Sterling, 162). These studies and the terms used to define them create a degree of ‘fact’ which leads to further study along with living on in popular thought.

Semantic and phonetic interference in memory recall

Additionally, a significant difference was visible between all three conditions, with the semantic and honesty conditions scoring a lower recall level in comparison to the controlled condition. Introduction The active difference between short-term memory and long-term memory is anything but exact. Although, there is an understanding that long-term memory is being examined when a list is displayed several occasions over an interval of time calculated in minutes and recalling is measured after minutes, hours and days, and short-term memory is being examined when a list is displayed once and at a rate of fewer than 30 seconds.Within cognition a key question is whether information is forgotten due to a function of time. A strong amount of research proposes that information is not forgotten due to time, but as a result of interference (see, e. G. , Lavabo, Annoys, & Masters, 2002; Neat & Surprising, 2003; Bureau & Kiel, 2006). However, many academics have thought that unrehearsed informat ion is forgotten over several seconds (e. G. , Biddable, 1986; Tows, Hitch, & Hutting, 2000), since supported theories (e. . , Biddable & Scott, 1971; Cowan, Nugent, Elliot, & Greer, 2000; Mueller, Seymour, Sierras, & Meyer, 2003). The matter continues to be uncertain. Our skill to selectively remember earlier information is a vital specs of our long-term memory system. Prior research proposed that in many circumstances individuals have the ability of selectively seeking information in memory, preceding to their subsequent remembrance.Even with research for this skill to selectively seek information from our memory, we still do not have much information on how we actually achieve this complex task. Able and Bump's (2013) research focuses on participants revising items from different categories and then continually recalling specific items from specific categories, recall rehearsal normally increases recall of he rehearsed information although impairs retrieval of associated but unre hearsed information, relative to manage information from unrehearsed categories.The results displayed the belief that memory impairment following extended intervals between practice and test and in the occurrence of retroactive interference. In opposition, both the rehearsed and the related unrehearsed information displayed barely any failure to remember under these conditions. Unshorn, Brewer and Spillers' (2013) conflicting study observed the impact of proactive and retroactive interference on memory Argentina, examining how individuals concentrate their search on a target list when accompanied by proactive or retroactive interference.Results showed that long-term memory targeting is steered by noisy temporal-contextual cues (unless other salient cues are current) that trigger equally relevant and irrelevant memoranda that are then exposed to a post recovery supervising process; these findings challenge the results from Able and Bump's (2013) study. This research among other findi ngs (see, e. G. , Lavabo, Annoys, & Masters, 2002; Neat & Surprising, 2003; Bureau & Kiel, 2006; Unshorn, Brewer & Spillers', 201 3) motives the present study.This research examines not only the question of whether there will be a difference between semantic and phonetic interference during memory recall, but also if the results will show a significant difference between the retroactive interference conditions and the controlled condition. Additionally, this study has also been motivated due to there not being prior research comparing semantic interference and phonetic interference in memory recall. The hypothesis of this study is there will be a significant difference between semantic interference and phonetic interference in memory recall.Methods Design In this experimental study, a between participant design was utilized to examine the difference between the effect of semantic and phonetic words on the memory recall of a list of words. The independent variable was the type of ret roactive words used (semantic and phonetic). The dependent variable was the amount Of items correctly recalled from a list Of 1 5 words. Participants A sample of 30 student volunteers were employed from Nottingham Trend University, ASK. 15 male and 15 Female participants were used, in an age angel of 18-21 years old.The mean age of the participants was 19. 5. Materials The stimuli consisted of a list of fifteen words. All three conditions consisted of the same fifteen words, although condition two consisted of another fifteen semantic words (See Appendix Two) and condition three consisted of another fifteen phonetic words (See Appendix Three). One mark was awarded for each correct memorized word. Procedure All student partakers were separately put in a room where they were requested to complete a consent form prior to partaking in the current study (See Appendix Four).The partakers were presented with presentation slides matching to their condition. Partakers in condition one were e xplained, The next slide will display fifteen words, they will appear for four seconds each, separately. Please memories as many words as you possibly can'. A one minute interval was given then partakers were asked to recall as many words as they could on paper. Partakers in condition two and three were explained, The next slide will display fifteen words, and you will then be shown another 15 words, they will appear for four seconds each, separately.Please only memories words from the first slides shown'. A one minute interval was given then partakers were asked to recall as many words from slide one as they could on paper. Condition two's second set of words were semantic words and condition three's second set of words where phonetic. One mark was given for every correct word recalled. After the task was finished, partakers were asked if they had any questions before being debriefed about the study. Rest Its Table 1 shows the mean number of words correctly recalled, standard devia tion and range for each condition.The findings show that those in indention two (semantic) and condition three (phonetic) recalled less words than in the controlled condition. Additionally, there was a significant difference from those in condition two (semantic) and condition three (phonetic). Therefore, it is clear that retroactive interference had an impact on number of target items being correctly recalled. Table 1 : Descriptive Statistics for scores on the number of words correctly recalled in each condition. Mean SD Ra Eng Condition 1 10. 60 1 . 34 10 Condition 2 Condition 3 9. 20 7. 10 1 . 03 1 . 6 A one-way NOVA was carried out to compare condition one; a list of 15 rods (mean = 10. 60, standard deviation = 1. 34), condition two; semantic words, (mean = 9. 20, standard deviation = 1. 03), and condition three; phonetic words, (mean = 7. 10, standard deviation = 1. 86) on the number of words that were correctly recalled. The results showed there was a significant difference be tween the groups, F(2, 27) = 21. 54, p = 0. 001 Post hoc analysis, using Bonfire corrected appraise comparisons, found that all three conditions had a significant difference in comparison to each condition.Discussion The results from the descriptive statistics (see table 1) were fairly draughtswoman, representing a distinct interference in relations of both semantic and phonetic interference. Particularly, in comparison to the controlled condition, condition two and three were associated with lower recall levels, suggesting that the presence of a non-target list presented after the target list interfered with the recall of target items. Additionally, as put forward by Shuffling (Bibb), retroactive interference effects were of a comparable scale across the measures of importance.These findings are consistent with the previously stated hypothesis drawn upon in the introduction that there will be a difference between the semantic and phonetic interference on memory recall. Supporting r esearch (Unshorn, Brewer and Spillers, 201 3) suggests that participants can usually mentally recall the information from the target list, however due to a certain amount of doubt regarding which items were really shown in the target list in relation to the interference list, participants create a wider selection to make sure that the target items will be incorporated in the search set.Therefore, likelihood of accurate recall is lowered when recollecting from the target list (controlled indention) due to non-target list items are added in to search set. Also, this interpretation calculates that the search set will be placed on the target list, although items shown in close time-based proximity to the target list will likewise be added in the search set. Overall, this concept is very much consistent with our findings.Future research is required to grasp an improved understanding with regards to the conditions wherein the search set can and cannot be focused on only target items, the procedures that are employed in order to recall context for events while trying to avoid only pending solely on the present context, and how partakers utilizes context to observe the results of retrieval and how this affects managing decisions during recall.